The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 1438 Words

Writer Shirley Jackson was born in 1916 in San Francisco, California. Among her early works was The Lottery.Do not be fooled by this name.The Lottery was the highly controversial and famous tale about a village that partakes in an annual death ritual. On June 26, 1948, subscribers to The New Yorker received a new issue of the magazine in the mail. There was nothing to outwardly indicate that it would be any different, or any more special, than any other issue. But inside was a story that editors at the magazine would, more than half a century later, call â€Å" perhaps themost controversial short story The New Yorker has ever published†: Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery†.Now a classic, the story about a small New England village whose residents follow an annual rite in which they draw slips of paper until, finally, one of them is selected to be stoned to death, caused an immediate outcry when it was published, and gave Jackson literary notoriety. â€Å"It was not my first published story, nor my last,† the writer said in a 1960 lecture â€Å"but I have been assured over and over that if it had been the only story I ever wrote and published, there would still be people who would not forget my name.â €  Shirley Jackson dug deep, or did she, to find a dark side that leads the reader down a road of uncertainty and intrigue.The misleading name, â€Å"The Lottery† would give one the impression there is a prize involved for the winner, as Jackson describes the morning and the arrival of each villager. AnShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdere d amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

The Resurrection Of Jesus A New Historiographical...

This paper is a review of the book The Resurrection of Jesus: A New Historiographical Approach by Michael Licona. This book is comprised of pages that â€Å"investigate the question of the historicity of Jesus’ resurrection while providing unprecedented interaction with the literature of professional historians outside of the community of biblical scholars on both hermeneutical and methodological considerations.† The book is separated into five long chapters: â€Å"Chapter 1: Important Consideration pertaining to Historical Truth† , â€Å"Chapter 2: The Historians and Miracles†, â€Å"Chapter 3: Historical Sources Pertaining to the Resurrection of Christ†, â€Å"Chapter 4: The Historical Bedrock Pertaining to the Fate of Jesus†, and â€Å"Chapter 5: Weighing Hypothesis†. Licona tackles the research of world historians who interpreted relevant data and draw their own conclusions. Evidence throughout the book proves Licona’s in terest in horizons and objectivity. He outlines several strategies for eliminating bias perspectives and public appeals. It is evident that knowing the past involves many challenges. Therefore, since the past is forever gone, it can never be viewed directly nor reconstructed. Chapter 1 deals with a significant considerations pertaining to historical truth. Licona surveyed several topics on how historians gain the extent of knowledge and the validity of truth. Historians gained assistance by initiating investigations and developing steps to minimize biases, the need for aShow MoreRelatedApologetics Application Paper Part 2 Submission Form Jeremy Story861 Words   |  4 Pagesto have allowed human life to exist that it is unlikely that it was the result of chance. B. Defense of Jesus’ Resurrection 1. The Risen Christ was seen by a multitude of witnesses. 2. The witness of women was included even though during this time in ancient history the witness of women was held in low regard. 3. The Gospel accounts indeed tell the same story. 4. There is medical evidence Jesus could not have survived the crucifixion. VI. Conclusion 4. Bibliography Beilby, James. Thinking about ChristianRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The New Historicism2440 Words   |  10 PagesBibliography Assemble for New Historicism New historicism was born in the end of 1970s. It is one of the most important theories of literary criticism. It is different from the old historicism. New historicism stressed that the implementation of a comprehensive reading of texts from political power, ideology, cultural hegemony perspectives, formalism. Its research focuses on literature and life, literature and history, literature and power discourse. The New historicism breaks the kind of wordplay

Astrology Essay Research Paper AstrologyAstrology is the free essay sample

Astrology Essay, Research Paper Astrology Astrology is the scientific discipline of certain deep dealingss between the celestial organic structures and tellurian life. It is considered an art and a practical scientific discipline. It lays no claim to be what used to be called an exact scientific discipline, but surveies certain sensitivities or inclinations in human life, which are sometimes indicated so clearly that they become practical certainties. The possible utilizations of star divination are eternal and may be used to a assortment of agencies. Since the yearss of the Chaldeans, it was known that the Sun, Moon, and planets followed similar waies, the zodiac. It is a zone of the celestial sphere that extends from 8.5 grades on either side if the way of the Sun. As a crude calendar, the zodiacal belt was randomly divided into 12 subdivisions of 30 grades each. these are the celebrated marks of the zodiac. The orgins of the names given to each mark extend into the most distant parts of antiquity. Terrestrial carnal Gods, whether existent or imagined, were one twenty-four hours projected onto the configurations which, in the Chaldean imaginativeness, they resembled. This heavenly menagerie has moreover given the zodiac its name, for in Greek, it means # 8220 ; path of animals. # 8221 ; The Sun enters the first zodiacal mark, Aries, and so continues its way through the staying 11 marks. The 12 marks of the zodiac are: Rams, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Fishs. The Moon and the planets pass through the marks excessively, but evidently at different velocities from those of the Sun. The Moon, which is near to the Earth, circles the zodiac in 29 yearss, while the planet Pluto needs two 100 50 old ages. Planets besides can be seen to decelerate down, halt, and even change by reversal waies in relationship to the configurations that they cross. In world, the planet inexorably continues along its manner. But the velocity of the Earth itself interacts with that of the planet to on occasion give this feeling. The symbolism of the 12 marks is a really ancient tradition passed along from Manilius and Ptolemy of Alexandria. It ascribes chiseled belongingss to each mark, influences transmitted to the kid at birth that determine his character, wellness, and fate. Passing through 12 marks, the planets, drama different parts. Bing born at the minute when one of the marks is occupied by several planets confers the belongingss of this mark on the person. The most of import heavenly figure is that of the Sun. This what determines what mark the kid was born under. In this manner an ancient tradition has divided human existences into 12 psychological types whose descriptions are intuitive of human nature. This reading of the 12 marks is a blend of several different plants but by and large agree on the meaning of the marks of the zodiac. ARIES ( March 21-April 20 ) Ruled by Mars, the Aries is the embodiment of violent will, restlessness, impulsiveness, and rapid, frequently precipitated, determinations. The principal qualities are enthusiasm, bravery, independency, and pride. But Aries is excessively aggressive and unprompted. Like the animate being that it symbolizes, he has a great inclination to thrust in front with his horns without holding reflected beforehand. To win in life the Ariess must maintain his enthusiasm but chair his ardour. The Aries kernel is the principal of acceleration personified. # 8220 ; Fast # 8221 ; is the word that governs all activities from falling in love to salvaging a hopeless state of affairs. Ariens talk fast, think fast, travel fast and have no forbearance for people who don # 8217 ; T. Ariens thrive on challenge and are born leaders, eager to interrupt through old barriers to watch their thoughts take clasp. Their nature is dynamic, fiery and ferociously determined to hold its ain manner, irrespective. And because they can be such an brave, ardent, overpowering force to manage, they get their ain manner more frequently than non. A displeased Rams can be like a twister: if caught standing in the way of either, there is no manner to stay imperviable. There may be upseting sounds and things may get down to wing, but it doesn # 8217 ; t last long. Ariens are extremely productive and vastly positive in their attack to all they undertake. There is an extraordinary bravery in this mark that springs from verve and assurance that sings of miracles. This is a mark that senses possibility in the unlikely and that can make new conditions out of pandemonium. The Aries vision is progressive and expansive, and their attack enthusiastic and animating. They bring an glow to everything they care about. One strength this mark is losing is nuance. And one manner this lack comes through is with the sort of fairness that can kill. When Ariens are good, they are really good ; when they are bad, they are really bad. Taurus ( April 21-May 22 ) It is Venus who governs this mark. In general, Taurus is a concrete being, steadfastly attached to the goods of this universe. He has a strong but peaceable sensualness. His choler is rare, in the image of the peaceable animal that is his totem, but it comes suddenly and violently: he easy # 8220 ; sees red. # 8221 ; Most frequently nevertheless, he demonstrates his good sense, stableness and fidelity. He can sometimes be reproached for deficiency of withdrawal and disinterestedness. Taurus is archetypical Earth, steady and digesting, solid as the land beneath one # 8217 ; s pess. By nature, Taureans are strong and basic, practical and uncomplicated in their attack to life. Taureans are loyal and loving in matter-of-fact ways that promote positive feelings. Builders of bonds, nests, and households, Taureans know instinctively how to do a house a place. Taureans have a manner of devouring their ain ownerships, or preserving and care foring them like objects of all right art. The sheer sensuous pleasance that a Taurean is capable of taking in life is something the more mental marks can learn from. However, like anything else, it is prone to extra and can present jobs. The Taurean melodies negative can be cold, barbarous, violent, and sadistic, the type of individual to take a life merely to do an angry point. Bottled up and frequently displaced choler is a cardinal job for they do non cover good with their deeper emotions. When fixed in a chosen way and extremely motivated, the typical Taurean can outendure all competition, resistance and obstructions of every sort. However, the motive has to spring from something that is extremely valued. Gemini ( May 21-June 21 ) It is Gemini that influences the Gemini, the cunning Mercury, God of fluency, merchandisers and stealers. He is above all a shrewd being, invariably turn outing his adaptability in all fortunes. He enjoys societal contacts. All acknowledge Gemini # 8217 ; s glare and spiritualty. He must however guard against falling into relaxation that would do of him a superficial, unstable and baffled person. He should set intelligence in the service of a lasting cause. In love, he must be careful of artificiality, and put more earnestness into hastes of feeling. # 8220 ; I think hence I am # 8221 ; is the authoritative Gemini codification for transporting on with life. Geminis meet all of their jobs # 8220 ; caput # 8221 ; on and hold a set of grounds for all their motivations-including those that are strictly emotional. Peoples born under this mark are smart and glib, societal and superficially clever. Gemini is the mark of communicating, and most Geminis can speak their manner out of a maximum-security prison. Or, when the crafty prankster takes over, they can pull strings person else behind bars. Geminis tend to be self-absorbed and fear those who sabotage their sense of freedom. Seeking stimulation but holding a strong sense of self-preservation, they will avoid anything that earnestly threatens their ego base. Instinctively, they select and screen out what or who is most of import in their strategy of things. Quite frequently such favoritisms are based on a desire for power. Highly verbal and gregarious, Geminis have a gift for speaking and taking advantage of the attending that their clever words attract. There is great power in their ability to bring forth an tidal bore and receptive audience. Caught up in the minute, they lack self-consciousness and have the ability to acquire the most dolourous crowd to interrupt into contagious laughter. Because the thought procedure overrides their ability to experience, Geminis have to develop their heads to work for them instead than against them. A powerful head is a composure, focused and disciplined one. On the other manus, a head that is out of control gets nowhere, and is a Gemini booby trap which finds look in many facets of life. Cancer ( June 22-July 22 ) Like the Moon that governs this mark, Cancer is an inventive, sensitive, and moony person. Somewhat reticent, he enjoys household life, where his timidity- and slightly weakness- seems to be protected from the hardness of this universe. The feeling for the yesteryear is more attractive that the hereafter. He frequently feels a nostalgia for childhood and the protection of his female parent and must attempt to get the better of this attitude. Cancer must endeavor to enforce his qualities of astuteness and intuition on groups of people. In love, it is non good for the malignant neoplastic disease to give excessively much importance to the lesions of amour propre, and he must larn to declare himself at the right minute. Ruled by the tides of their fluctuating emotions, Cancers are Moon people, cryptic as the sea at dark, delicate as a Moon beam shimmering on the surface of a still and haunted lake. In their ain alone ways, Cancers are haunted-by their frights and tormented phantasies, their fond regard to the yesteryear, their goaded irresistible impulses and their quiet, self-obsessed play that sometimes travel them to the threshold of lunacy. Self-enclosed and saturated with their ain emotions, Cancers feel everything that they don # 8217 ; t intentionally shut out. it is a extremely strung inner universe of intense emotional speed that is ignited by any menace to their sense of control. Sometimes sensitive and compassionate, sometimes cold and cut off from the universe, Cancers are influenced by both the inner and outer atmosphere. The consequence is a individual easy pressured by onslaughts on their self-preservation. In the Cancer head, the unconscious is really near to the surface. as the foremost of the three H2O marks, much of life is about larning to populate with this emotional make-up in the center of a cold an insecure stuff universe. Cancers are frequently criticized as being highly egoistic people. However, it is, in truth, as if there is no ego, merely a self-protective shell. With emotions so near to the surface, Cancers are hopelessly sentimental. Generous to a mistake, they can be a sap for love. When it comes to work, the authoritative Cancerian has the concentration of a encephalon sawbones and the thrust to travel along with it. Retentive, task-oriented and intense, Cancers tend to be perfectionists who take their work personally-and sometimes a small excessively earnestly. There are Cancers who leave the office at the office. However, it is likely that they work overtime, wear # 8217 ; Ts take clip for tiffin, and travel place hours after the cleansing lady. Leo ( July 23-August 22 ) Having elected to shack in this mark, the Sun confers its force, amplitude, and glow on those born in Leo. Leo is a proud, individualistic, and generous being. Authority and willpower are among the dominant character traits. Therefore he has strong trump cards to assist obtain success in life. Leo must be wary, nevertheless, of pride and immeasurable action, and govern aspirations with the step of his abilities. He must avoid being excessively susceptible to flattery. In love, he has a inclination to transform his life into the phase of the theatre. He should be more reserved in the manifestations of his hastes of feeling. those who love him will be thankful for this. Leo is the mark of the Sun, and like the Sun itself, Leos radiance with leading glow. Leos # 8217 ; magnetic attraction makes them extremely memorable people who exude power and personableness. Personality is the Leo strong point. When so desiring, the Leo appeal can tame snakes and turn the universe at big into an adoring enclave. At their best they give off a scintillating kind of glow. They are positive and enthusiastic, spirited, dynamic and larger than life. Leos expect the best from themselves and everyone around them. It is this attitude that helps them achieve their dreams. This is the mark that is determined to make things its ain manner, at all costs, with no forbearance for the sentiments of others. When this works, the Leo energy and unruliness can make miracles. When it backfires, it # 8217 ; s likely more comfy hanging out in a towering hell. Although Leos are overachiever with extremely successful path records, they tend to undervalue their achievements. The anxiousness deep within them refering public presentation neer allows them to rest and gives them jobs deputing authorization. They embrace perfectionistic criterions and experience disdain for averageness. Virgo ( August 23-September 23 ) It is quicksilver that regulations this mark. But it is non the subtle and airy Mercury of Gemini. Intelligence is more prosaic: less talented but deeper. The Virgo is justly considered calculating, prudent and attached to minor inside informations to the point of arrested development. For the Virgo, ground overcomes the bosom ; preciseness seems to be more of import than intuition, of which he is wary. In love, Virgo is non really demonstrative, or at least, unable to make up ones mind, a late matrimony will be his batch. Normally known as the mark of the nitpicking flawlessness ist, Virgos frequently see themselves to be differentiators graced with godly countenance. Sing defects like Librans see beautiful faces, Virgos are frequently controlled by their visions. In clip, their visions travel into what makes up a life. The individual most of import challenge in the Virgo experience is to see things in larger footings. Virgos # 8217 ; visions determine their calling success, quality of experience in relationships, wellness, and overall quality of life. The perfectionism so frequently associated with this mark, has in fact far less to make with flawlessness than with a lessened position of the whole. It is the kind of perceptual experience that focuses in on the loose yarn instead than the colour of of the cloth. Virgos are victimized by a deathly boringness that is born of responsibility and subject, self-denial and routinized governments. Peoples born under this mark frequently have to wake up to the possibilities of their ain life and the power within themselves. Shortsighted, Virgos settle easy for the minor functions that are so frequently assigned to them instead than stretching them beyond and using the gifts of what could be a superior head. Libra ( September 23- October 22 ) Governed by Venus, the planet of harmoniousness and humanistic disciplines, one word characterizes Balance: equilibrium, as the mark it symbolizes. Libra is sociable, refined, and apprehension, partially to compromising solutions. But be careful, for he is gifted with a really all right sense of justness, and will prosecute in conflict if he considers that he has been ridiculed. In sentimental relationships, Libra is praised for his sugariness and elegance, with an on occasion slightly overdone coquetishness. Aggressiveness must be stimulated, for Libra # 8217 ; s distinguished unconcern can forestall his societal success. In many respects, Libra is a mark of paradox. Librans sprout from a series of contradictions: self versus nonself, mental versus emotional, pleasance versus poignancy, generousness versus greed, control versus pandemonium. Underneath the smile face and leading appeal lies a character with many whirls, confusions, defeats and ambivaleces refering its individuality. Unite this with really high intelligence and you have people who think a great trade about how they ought to be, how they should hold been, how they might hold been and how they will be if merely # 8230 ; and so on. While this extremely complicated procedure sounds self- centered, it is in fact the workings of a ego that doesn # 8217 ; t experience complete by itself. It ever seems that something is losing, and whether that appears to be another individual, a important publicity, or a successful undertaking that will turn out one # 8217 ; s worth, the daily play is frequently a agonizing spiral. The demand to confirm one # 8217 ; s self is so strong in Libras that it makes many of them burn with aspiration. In the strength of endeavoring and carry throughing, one leaves a sense of missing behind. Alas the fuel for such aspiration is the sort of anxiousness that neer lets one composure down. The satisfaction that comes from holding achieved one # 8217 ; s end is shortly supplanted by the necessity for a new creative activity. And so continues the rise and autumn of making and being. In between each spread is like a pant in which a threatening, self-diminishing voice sneaks through. Scorpio ( October 23- November 21 ) Red planets, the God of war, and Pluto, the God of the underworld, portion this land. It suffices to state that the kid of Scorpio is non a being of remainder. There is in him a deepness of violent aggressiveness and undiscipline, but besides of torment. Scorpios enemies must postulate with his piercing critical sense, which permits the rapid find of the Chinamans in their armour, for it is certain that he has genius. There is besides scientific wonder which penetrates the deepnesss nature # 8217 ; s secrets, even if they are unsafe. Passionate and covetous in love, possessing strong gender ; in a word, Scorpio has the best and the worst. By developing the best, he is able to hold exceeding success in life. Scorpio might be the most misunderstood mark in the zodiac. It is a convoluted mark, normally associated with enigma, sex, power, and machination. In societal assemblages where the conversation has descended to the most superficial astrological chit-chat, Scorpio gets more than its portion of maltreatment. Much of this has to make with the fact that at any given point a great trade of the Scorpionic docket remains concealed. Intensely private, strongly close and instead leery, Scorpio does non uncover itself to anyone, nor does it signifier near nightlong friendly relationships. For the most portion, members of this mark base aloof from more obvious societal interactions. Scorpions prefer one-to-one state of affairss to big parties at which people present their societal frontages. This is a mark of deepness and depth perceptual experience. Scorpios see and experience more than most people, and non infrequently these feelings are complicated and debatable. Because of this, at a really early age, they develop a deep demand for control, along with a list of ends and game programs that will take them where they want to travel. Scorpio is the power behind the throne, and has the substance of which CEO # 8217 ; s are made. Success is what they are after. They ca be close and ruthless to accomplish their coveted place. Sagittarius ( November 22-December 20 ) Jupiter is the maestro os this mark. He confers an honest, generous and loyal nature. Sagittarius has true aristocracy of character that works through goodness and moderateness. He enjoys get awaying from the platitude of daily life, and going attracts him. Furthermore, these travels can be fanciful every bit good as existent. Sagittarius is a mark of the philosophical head. In love, he prefers legality and permanent feelings to brief and violent passions and escapades. The kernel of sagittarian nature is possibility personified. Diminishment of any sort depresses the authoritative Sagittarian, as does anyone or anything interfering with the Sagittarian # 8217 ; s sense of freedom. Sagittarians ever want to experience free to do picks and to travel in any way that suits them. Sagittarius is the mark of the adventurer, bound merely by his ain beliefs. Sagittarians have expansive heads and are eager to larn, and experience, ever restless and impatient to travel in front. The authoritative Sagittarian is a democratic single with ideals that frequently specify the life style. The Sagittarian psyche desires enlargement at all costs and is sensitive to societal issues that affect the operation of ego and fellow adult male. Sagittarians want the best possible universes. They will neer halt seeking until they find it. For a great many members of this mark, the full experience of life is one endless geographic expedition. Sagittarians see possibility where other marks perceive restrictions. They besides have a mastermind for seeing glorious things that the common head might see silly. The Sagittarian nature wants to surge, and after set downing, to stay unimpeded. This can do some unsettling jobs when meeting the state of affairs called # 8220 ; day-to-day life. # 8221 ; Sagittarians want life to be perfect, and they Don # 8217 ; t want to blow their perfect clip dinking about with petit larceny, drilling inside informations or being bothered by a moronic foreman with no vision. Capricorn ( December 21-January 19 ) This part of the winter sky has been attributed by astrologists to the dark Saturn. Capricorn is serious, frequently on the defensive ; determinations are taken in a composure atmosphere, and he is farsighted. He is really ambitious, but is careful non to demo it, preferring to move in the shadows instead than in the wide daytime. It is non deserving the problem to try flattery, for Capricorn will non be susceptible. He is cold, nonsubjective, and wary by nature. He will non seek to delight in love, and some might upbraid a deficiency of spirit ; feeling exist, but they are buried deep interior. Capricorn will neer give his carer to a passing crack or even to a passion. A born executive with sky-high ends, Capricorn is the authoritative accomplishmentarian. Driven beyond high aspiration, this is a mark that doesn # 8217 ; T believe in giving up. Patient, digesting and steadfast in the face of all obstructions, Capricorn instinctively understands the value of clip. This is a mark that can outwait all resistance and so confidently move in for the putting to death. Constantly, Capricorn gets what it wants because it goes about it in all the right ways. Hardworking, extremely organized, diligent, down to Earth and softly determined, Capricorns make great barons, concern captains, politicians, presidents and enterprisers. The Capricorn head is per se mercenary. It knows the value of a dollar in several different states and the most recent fluctuation in the monetary value of gold. Capricorns value their ownerships like some people value their kids, and they look at life through a prism of appearance-what you see is what you get. Goats are born climbers who will do it to the top and finally have it. And one time firmly positioned in topographic point, attest that there is no other manner to travel. Like everything else. Goats take their position really earnestly and neer tyre of their stuff wagess. The stuff to Capricorn is deserving, their worth. Having an oculus for all right quality, they to the full enjoy the luxury of having the best. To the Capricorn head, excellence is ever its ain wages. Aquarius ( January 20- February 18 ) Modern astrologists have assigned this mark to the planet Uranus. Like it, Aquarius is gifted with a lively intelligence, and taken dy the new, sometimes by the Utopian. Originality and idealism are two principle character traits. Very disinterested, Aquarius is enthused by great radical causes, but will non fall into the sphere. The conflict of thoughts is sufficient, for the Aquarius ever has a deepness of modesty, languor, and sensitiveness. He is non really realistic in love, and demonstrates much independency and phantasy. He is able to delight and to be devoted but does non wish to go affiliated. Aquarius must beware of purdah. Authentic airheads, Aquarian heads are airborne and lambent with ideals that frequently have to make with Utopian imperiums and progressive, imaginative life style options. In star divination, the component of air has to make with the cerebral kingdom and all that this implies, such as mental creative activities and mixtures, communications and rational views contained by the models of the head. Aquarians are frequently brilliant people, full of glare and airy detonations, seeing so far in front that they leave the present buttocks. The characteristic Aquarian is far more mental than emotional. Aquarians, in fact, have feelings about their mental concepts and rational aspirations. Their most beautiful love experience base on ballss straight through the encephalon. The craving for a sense of possibility is a permeant 1 in the Aquarian # 8217 ; s strategy of things. It is the motivational force behind the human-centered engagements and strongly cherished dreams and ideals. The terminal of the 1960ss, which American ginseng of the # 8220 ; Age of Aquarius, # 8221 ; epitomized the spirit of blind thoughts put forth as truth, without deeper apprehension of the comprehensive whole, or the complicated timing of societal alteration. The Aquarian head, turn overing on a path, does non take roundabout waies. Nor, is it intellectually unfastened to their possibility. This is a mark associated with a great trade of fanatism and wilful rebellion. Aquarians are unheeding and foolhardy, throwing cautiousness to the air current making state of affairss that are suicidal. It is this blind which brings them their portion of concerns, griefs and problem. Fishs ( February 19- March 20 ) Naturally it is Neptune, God of the sea that governs this mark. Everyone agrees that Pisces is affectional and waxy. He is praised for intuition, poetic ability, sense of compassion, and devotedness. But Pisces must get the better of the indecisiveness of his character every bit good as his unconcern ; for activity can endure from them, and Fishs can be thrown into a moony being, one that is more than a small inefficient. Feelingss are marked with a blend of mysticism and sensualness, and the feeling of forfeit dominates. Fishs is the mark of the psychic, the therapist, the intuitive who is in melody with the synchronisms of the existence. Fishs nature is emotional, sensitive and subjective. Their imaginativeness and intelligence are subtly insightful. The Pisces psyche is one of enigma and yearning. Deep inside a slumbering deity haunts a more witting experience of life. There is an spiritual quality to the Pisces esthesia that is associated with the twelfth house. This is a topographic point of monasteries and concealed significances, stellar experiences, dreams, drugs and superconsious provinces of head. Fishs is a mark that deeply reflects its swayer, Neptune, the planet of phantasy and semblance, romanticism, compassion, understanding and the supernatural. Like the quiver of Neptune, the Fishs head is mutable and fluid, notional and ready to flux in any way. Pisceans are close and keep a topographic point inside themselves that they portion with merely a psyche mate. Because they are so psychic, subjective and idealistic, this psyche experiences frequently unsated. Alternatively, they will unify with and see themselves mirrored in their life supports and security covers and the deeper demand for integrity will be sublimated by the experience of sharing. They are invariably seeking for their true soul-mate. There is no existent manner to cognize if star divination is world or fiction, but it does broaden our skylines to a new manner of thought. Possibly clip and seasons hold caused the similarities to be at that place, possibly it is merely a happenstance. You must be the justice.

Loftus and Palmer Study free essay sample

There are variables that may affect memory and recall. Aim How information provided after an event in the form of leading questions may effect peoples memories. Experiment 1 Participants 45 students from the University of Washington. Procedure Participants shown seven videos of car crashes ranging from 4 to 30 seconds long. The videos were excerpts from drivers ed courses so the researchers were aware of the speeds of the cars. The videos were shown to the participants in random order. After each video participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to give an account of the film they had seen. Then they were asked to answer some questions based on what they had seen. Results Verb|Mean Estimate. Smashed|40. 8, Collided|39. 3, Bumped|38. 1, Hit|34. 0, Contacted|31. 8. Discussion Loftus and Palmer argue that memories are based on two types of imformation: What we percieve at the time of the event and what we find out after the event. We will write a custom essay sample on Loftus and Palmer Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They argue that what they hear after the event can distort our memories. In this experiment loftus and palmer argue that two things can be happening: Distortion and Response Bias. Distortion: The verbed used may lead the participant to amend their memory. For example the word smashed may lead the participants to estimate the speed higher than it actually was. Response Bias: (a form of demand characteristics) The participants may not have been sure about the speed and so they may have adjusted their answer to fit the researchers expectations. In the above experiment the researchers were uncertain whether their prompts altered the participants memories or if it had led them to give a certain answer. The second experiment is to show that information provided after an event is capable of distorting memories. Experiment 2 Participants 150 students from the University of Washington. Procedure The participants were shown a short film of a multiple car crash, which lasted for one minute, though the action lasted for four seconds. The participants were split into three groups. The first group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The second group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group was the control group and were not asked about the speed of the cars. A week later the participants were recalled and asked some more questions about the film. Nine of these were filler questions. The critical question was: Did you see any broken glass? This question appeared randomly in the other question. (There was no broken glass in the film) Results The results supported that of the first experiment. The participants in the smashed condition overestimated the speed of the cars. The participants who reported seeing broken glass: Condition|% who answered yes. Smashed|32%, Hit|14%, Control|12%. Discussion The results suggest that the verb used affect memory altering their perception a week later. The word smashed incorporates broken glass in to their memories as the word smashed implies broken glass. Loftus and Palmer support the reconstructive memory hypothesis. They believe that information gathered at the time of an icident is altered by information gathered after an event. These two sources of information merge over time and it is impossible to seperate them. Evaluation ^ Strength control over confounding variables. The researchers could control age, incident viewed, environment etc. ^ The reconstructive memory hypothesis is useful in instances such as in formulating guidelines for police questioning of witnesses and suspects. x Ecological validity is a problem as a video is different to experiencing a real life car crash. In real life the crash would be unexpected and there would be more emotional involvement which would effect recall. The sample was of students from the same place and studying at the same level. They may have wanted to please the senior members and their memory capacity may not have been the same as that of the general population. They may be better at memorising or they werent bothered with remembering something as trivial as this. x Some psychologists have critiscised Loftus and Palmers conclusions. They argue that we have no way of knowing that the memory has been distorted. (taken from:http://selene. wordpress. com /2006/04/02/loftus-and-palmer/) Loftus and Palmer Study free essay sample There are variables that may affect memory and recall. Aim How information provided after an event in the form of leading questions may effect peoples memories. Experiment 1 Participants 45 students from the University of Washington. Procedure Participants shown seven videos of car crashes ranging from 4 to 30 seconds long. The videos were excerpts from drivers ed courses so the researchers were aware of the speeds of the cars. The videos were shown to the participants in random order. Results Verb|Mean Estimate. Smashed|40. 8, Collided|39. 3, Bumped|38. 1, Hit|34. 0, Contacted|31. 8. Discussion Loftus and Palmer argue that memories are based on two types of imformation: What we percieve at the time of the event and what we find out after the event. They argue that what they hear after the event can distort our memories. In this experiment loftus and palmer argue that two things can be happening: Distortion and Response Bias. Distortion: The verbed used may lead the participant to amend their memory. We will write a custom essay sample on Loftus and Palmer Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example the word smashed may lead the participants to estimate the speed higher than it actually was. Response Bias: (a form of demand characteristics) The participants may not have been sure about the speed and so they may have adjusted their answer to fit the researchers expectations. In the above experiment the researchers were uncertain whether their prompts altered the participants memories or if it had led them to give a certain answer. The second experiment is to show that information provided after an event is capable of distorting memories. Experiment 2 Participants 150 students from the University of Washington. Procedure The participants were shown a short film of a multiple car crash, which lasted for one minute, though the action lasted for four seconds. The participants were split into three groups. The first group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The second group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group was the control group and were not asked about the speed of the cars. A week later the participants were recalled and asked some more questions about the film. Nine of these were filler questions. The critical question was: Did you see any broken glass? This question appeared randomly in the other question. (There was no broken glass in the film) Results The results supported that of the first experiment. The participants in the smashed condition overestimated the speed of the cars. The participants who reported seeing broken glass: Condition|% who answered yes. Smashed|32%, Hit|14%, Control|12%. Discussion The results suggest that the verb used affect memory altering their perception a week later. The word smashed incorporates broken glass in to their memories as the word smashed implies broken glass. Loftus and Palmer support the reconstructive memory hypothesis. They believe that information gathered at the time of an icident is altered by information gathered after an event. These two sources of information merge over time and it is impossible to seperate them. Evaluation ^ Strength control over confounding variables. The researchers could control age, incident viewed, environment etc. ^ The reconstructive memory hypothesis is useful in instances such as in formulating guidelines for police questioning of witnesses and suspects. x Ecological validity is a problem as a video is different to experiencing a real life car crash. In real life the crash would be unexpected and there would be more emotional involvement which would effect recall. The sample was of students from the same place and studying at the same level. They may have wanted to please the senior members and their memory capacity may not have been the same as that of the general population. They may be better at memorising or they werent bothered with remembering something as trivial as this. x Some psychologists have critiscised Loftus and Palmers conclusions. They argue that we have no way of knowing that the memory has been distorted.

The floor plan of a proposed spa

Common Ground in Rhetoric - Definition and Examples

Common Ground in Rhetoric s In rhetoric and communication, common ground is a basis of mutual interest or agreement thats found or established in the course of an argument. Finding common ground is an essential aspect of conflict resolution and a key to ending disputes peacefully. Examples and Observations Whereas ancient rhetoricians seemed confident that they shared common ground with their audiences, modern rhetorical writers must often discover common ground. . . . In our pluralistic world where we often do not share values, readers and authors work to find the common ground that allows them to communicate and interpret judgments, evaluations, and emotions.(Wendy Olmsted, Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction. Blackwell, 2006)Buried deep within the heart of every conflict lies a territory known as Common Ground. But how do we summon the courage to seek out its borders?(The Control Voice in Tribunal. The Outer Limits, 1999)Only in a situation of actual revolution . . . could one say that there is no common ground among participants in a controversy.(David Zarefsky, A Skeptical View of Movement Studies. Central States Speech Journal, Winter 1980)The Rhetorical SituationOne possibility for defining common ground . . . is a shift from that which is already shared, to that which is not s haredbut which could potentially become shared, or if not shared then at least understood, once we open up the paradigm to include that act of listening to each other as part of the common ground of rhetorical exchange. . . .Common ground presumes that, no matter what our individual positions, we do share a common interest in both individual and social growth, a willingness to enter into the rhetorical situation with an open mind, to consider, to hear, to ask questions, to make contributions. It is out of such commonalities that we forge new competencies, new understandings, new identities . . ..(Barbara A. Emmel, Common Ground and (Re)Defanging the Antagonistic, in Dialogue and Rhetoric, ed. by Edda Weigand. John Benjamins, 2008) Common Ground in Classical Rhetoric: Shared OpinionPerhaps the least equivocal vision of  common ground is  found in  rhetorical  theories- which stress stylistic appropriateness and audience-adaptation. In antiquity, rhetorics were often handbooks of commonplaces- common topics appropriate for general audiences. The idea was that it takes agreement to get agreement. Aristotle thus saw common ground as shared opinion, the underlying unity that makes enthymemes possible. Enthymemes are rhetorical syllogisms trading on the listeners ability to supply premises to a speakers claims. The common ground between speaker and listener is a cognitive unity: The said calls up the unsaid, and together the speaker and listener create a common syllogism.(Charles Arthur Willard,  Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy. The University of Chicago Press, 1996)The New Rhetoric of Chaim PerelmanIt sometimes seems as if two opposing views are so different th at no common ground can be found. Strangely enough, exactly when two groups hold radically opposing views, common ground is likely to exist. When two political parties strongly advocate different economic policies, we may assume that both parties are deeply concerned about the economic welfare of the country. When the prosecution and the defense in a legal case differ fundamentally on the matter of guilt or innocence, one can start by saying that both wish to see justice done. Of course, fanatics and skeptics will seldom be persuaded of anything.(Douglas Lawrie, Speaking to Good Effect: An introduction to the Theory and Practice of Rhetoric. SUN PReSS, 2005) Kenneth Burkes Concept of IdentificationWhen rhetoric and composition scholarship invokes identification, it most commonly cites Kenneth Burkes modern theory of consubstantial common ground. As a place for rhetorical listening, however, Burkes concept of identification is limited. It does not adequately address the coercive force of common ground that often haunts cross-cultural communication, nor does it adequately address how to identify and negotiate troubled identifications; moreover, it does not address how to identify and negotiate conscious identifications functioning as ethical and political choices.(Krista Ratcliffe, Rhetorical Listening: Identification, Gender, Whiteness. SIU Press, 2005)

Prejudice Based on Skin Color Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prejudice Based on Skin Color - Dissertation Example However, after the expression of the skin color through genetics, external factors, for example, ultra-violet rays from the sun may change the skin color away from its initial genetic expression. Distance from the equator is also another external factor that affects the skin color. Even though the non-genetic factors have an effect on the skin color, it is important to note that the effect of genes overrides them all (Kontopoulou and Marketos). This is because the expression caused by the gene is irreversible as compared to that on non-genetic factors. The light skin has always been favored over the dark skin across the various human cultures throughout history. This is because light skin has always been associated with beauty, intelligence and grace while the dark skin has always been considered to be inferior, uncivilized and subordinate (Dovidio and Gaertner). This view was later entrenched in the general psyche by the unfortunate tragedies of slavery and colonialism of the dark-s kinned people by the light skinned people throughout the work in the 19th and 20th centuries. This legacy has perpetuated the view of the superiority of the light skin over the dark skin into the modern times. During slavery era, the lighter skinned black slaves were favored by their masters over their darker skinned counterparts because they were perceived to be more intelligent, co-operative and beautiful as contrasted with darker skinned slaves who were considered ugly, uncivilized and crude (Sulem et al.).

Community Nutrition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community Nutrition - Research Paper Example Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unhealthy nutritional patterns impact the health of family members and can potentially lead to health problems such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or Type 2 diabetes. To achieve their optimal health, family members need to have a healthy nutritional intake. Nutrition is defined simply as the nutrients the body needs for the body to function. The effectiveness of body functioning depends on which nutrients a person takes in and whether the nutrients meet the physiological needs of the body. Family members living together in a household have access to the same foods, influencing the nutritional intake of family members, so it is important to address nutrition and nutrition promotion from a family perspective and not limit it to individual family members. All families experience some form of cost constraints, yet families with limited resources may find it more challenging to access adequate nutritional resources. Typically, low-nutrient, low-density foods—high in carbohydrates—are less expensive than foods with greater nutrient density. Families who cannot afford nutritionally sound, energy-dense food are more likely to be overweight or obese, which can lead to secondary health problems (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, & U.S. Department of Agriculture,www.healthierus.gov). Cultural factors can also influence the nutritional intake of families, impacting food selection, meal preparation, and portion sizes. In some cultures, specific food items are on the table with every meal, such as tortillas or potatoes. Specific types of meat or vegetables may not be served or may be limited based on cultural or religious views. The family structure has been changing in America as well as globally. A variety of factors have led to alterations in family structure, including shifting parental roles, single-parent homes, and economic

Examine and evaluate the extent to which women in the twenty-first Essay

Examine and evaluate the extent to which women in the twenty-first century can be considered to be a reserve army of labour - Essay Example By the beginning of the 21st century, the prevalence of married women in the labor force had marginalized the traditional Marxist construct. Modern theories have illustrated that the modern notion of gender and its impact on the labor market has changed to reflect contemporary reality (Beechey, 1988). In her 1978 paper, â€Å"Women as a Reserve Army of Labour,† Irene Bruegel accords with certain precepts of a gender-based reserve labor army, such as the rigidity of the sexual division of labor. Bruegel concurs with the idea that â€Å"the segregation of women into women’s work is of such ideological importance that it cannot be breached, even where it would yield capital cheaper labour† (Bruegel, 3). Women have also been more vulnerable to the swings of economic Name 2 fortune, yet in Britain during the 1970s the number of women entering the work place increased by nearly 150,000 jobs, while the number of employed men fell by more than 300,000 (Bruegel, 5). This, Bruegel argues, was symptomatic of a long-term trend during which women infiltrated the labor market. This has helped insulate women against cyclical downturns in the economy, traditionally a stumbling block to female employment, in which â€Å"women’s work† tended to be the less stable, more volatile types of employment work addressed by Barron and Norris’ dual labor market division theory (Barron and Norris, 1976). While improvements in technology have lessened the significance of traditional gender differences, employed women remain vulnerable to job loss, particularly to unemployed men seeking to return to work. Bruegel insists that new strategies are needed to defend the integrity of women at work if true equality and the unemployment problem are to be improved (Bruegel, 9). Ann Oakley points to powerfully entrenched cultural factors to explain the relegation of women to the role of reserve labor. For Oakley, the tradition of women performing â€Å"womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s work,† work that is perceived as more sensitive and connected to the â€Å"feminine mystique,† arises from persistent socio-cultural mores. â€Å"Male-dominated culture has designated as female all labours of emotional connectedness†¦The principal mode of developing this sensitivity in women is the gender-differentiated nuclear family. Women mother. Daughters are transformed into mothers. An autonomous sense of self†¦does not need to develop† (Oakley, 201). Despite the increase in female employment in the 1970s, Oakley maintains that the woman-as-individual versus woman- as-mother-and-wife dichotomy is as strong as ever, and precludes Name 3 the possibility of true labor equality. Oakley’s feminist view incorporates the lack of gender equity in the home, which also hampers the ability of many women to realize their potential in the labor market. For Oakley, this is another oppressive outgrowth of traditionally culture-based gender inequi ty. â€Å"Men create more housework than they do and, in many households, children do as much housework as men†¦Even in supposed paradises of gender equality, such as Sweden, 87 percent of couples do not share housework† (Oakley, 56). For some theorists, the patriarchal orientation of society has, over time, extended from the home into the political realm and the workplace. Sylvia Walby theorizes that when women won political citizenship

Innovation in Wine Packaging

Innovation in Wine Packaging Introduction With the different readings made, the researcher will intend to list or summarise a working bibliography. ‘The process of reviewing a literature involves making judgement about what to include and exclude from your literature review and then reading what other researchers have written about your subject and writing about it in a way that demonstrate you understanding. Writing the literature review for the dissertation will convey the researchers knowledge and ideas that have been established on the topic, and will be discussed. The literature review will be an essential tool, as this will indicate that the researcher has understandings of a field of study and their relevance for their inclusion. It connects the work to a greater field of knowledge and, in more immediate terms, it demonstrates the awareness bringing the work in a wider context. The researcher will also find an added benefit since some information about the subject will be found before starting the research work. This will bring the reader up to date with current literature on the topic, and framing the future research. The literature review will also influence the work as a foundation of research, identifying relevant and appropriate material. It should also inform and underpin the research, identifying the ‘gap that the researcher is attempting to address. The literature review will also help to position the work in the context of previous research and creating a ‘research space for this piece of work. (Hart:1998:14) The Theoretical Framework In competitive markets, companies must always seek to gain market share. The standardisation of brands and products often leads to higher productivity and lower production costs, and communication. With identical packages available on the shelves, the consumers can easily identify visual codes of brands, thus strengthening their identity and reputation worldwide.   Moreover, standardisation of lifestyles, driven by consumer mobility and the development of information technologies and communication, encourages the internationalisation and standardisation of products. Faced with globalisation and the saturation of some markets, the wineries are induced to expand internationally. However, managing brands internationally, and more specifically internationalisation of the packaging is far from being easy. Due to the saturated wine industry, it is more and more important to focus the wine industry on marketing strategy efforts toward the product and the consumer to maintain market share and sustain the wine customer attention. The Packaging This is a very important marketing promotion tool to attract customer, and is now regarded as an essential ‘P of the marketing mix. According to Hall and Mitchell (2007), the wine marketing mix decisions consist of the four Ps with an additional quartet of Packaging, People, Planning, and Positioning. Some studies have taken different approaches to the packaging as a marketing tool. Paine, Frank Albert has developed a definition of the packaging as: ‘The art, science and technology of preparing goods for market and sale'(1992:34) To add, further in his book, the author defines another kind of definition as: ‘Packaging is a means of ensuring safe delivery of a product to the ultimate user, in sound condition, at minimum overall cost'(1992:52) Packaging is well-known to be as a key element of the branding process as it communicates the brand equity of the company. According to Kotler (1999 : 28): ‘The package is the buyer first encounter with the product and is capable of turning the buyer on and off It can make the perceptions of qualities, reliabilities, and value in a product, as well as loyalty, confidence, and self-expression to the consumer (Aaker, 1996). We can make our conclusion about the packaging as a commercial activity. This is a crucial factor for companies in order to ensure the promotion of their product. The packaging will aim this communication of information. Through the brand, the packaging has become way of communicate messages to the consumers. ‘Packaging has actually gained in importance in the marketing mix as consumers closely scrutinize more products on the retail shelf before purchasing. (Brand Channel: 2009: August) ‘Packaging is taking on increasing significance and extending beyond the obvious necessity of providing for protection, transportation and storage. (Giles: 1994: 73) Trends And Future Of Wine Packaging It is interesting to note that the packaging of a product is the most ephemeral in the product life. Indeed, some companies must constantly adapt to trends and market developments. A company will prefer a change in the packaging rather than the product on its own, and this change will allow sales to grow in profitability. Therefore, we say that the packaging is a way to change media. Wineries are seeking to find a new way of attracting consumers, develop new relationships with the consumers and establish and sustain a strong brand equity that will stimulate the buying process. With the ‘general decline in consumption and a change in drinking habits; [†¦] from daily wine consumption towards more occasional drinking of higher-quality wine underpinned value growth (Datamonitor 2008:October:18), it is hardly surprising that the relationship between wine and packaging has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The packaging is particularly relevant in the decision-making process. In the field of the wine packaging, the shape of the packaging, the design, drawing and colour on the label is meant to attract the attention of the potential purchaser, differentiating the product from other competitors. It influences the majority of purchases made in large and medium-sized store, with consumers increasingly fickle and demanding. The International Journal of Wine Marketings article refers to the importance of the packaging in the wine industry suggesting that: ‘It reaches out beyond the point of purchase to make statements about its purchaser. (The International Journal of Wine Marketing: Thomas: 2000:12) Researchers Wine Intelligences latest quarterly Consumer Intelligence report confirms evidence that the wine is not important ‘choosing cues. The results of this survey indicates that proportions of consumers who consider the aspects of a wine as ‘top of mind cues when choosing which bottle of wine to buy would be the Grape variety (74%), Promotional offer (66%), Country of origin(63%), Glass colour (10%) and the bottle weight (7%). When consumers are willing to purchase wine, the decision making will involve asking themselves several questions including what type of wine it is, how much the wine is, and if the brand is known. These sources of information are important for consumers. The packaging is the media that the buyer will evaluate before purchasing the wine. Companies tend to simplify the decision making process, removing the grapes varieties and the vintage, and positioning the product within the reach of most mainstream consumer. Developing innovative wine packaging will be an investment making the brand distinctive, standing out on the shelves and simply trying to compete against existing products on the market. Therefore a focus of the packaging elements is the new strategy for these wineries, in terms of marketing efforts. The packaging is one of the tools in marketing for wineries to get the right picture about the business, and help the perception and positioning in the market place. A Bet On Innovation For Wine Industry The strategies of the company are not only to look to volume, but acting for the long term. Innovation has become essential for wineries wishing to take their brands to above preserve their margins and differentiate from competitors. A third of sales of consumer products are achieved with products that did not exist three years before. (J.J. Urvoy et S. Sanchez:2007: 135) The consumer demands are increasingly strong and we can notice the need for companies to generate new needs incentives to innovate through packaging. The wine packaging is facing a new trend of packaging, based on innovations becoming increasingly complex. Packaging innovation can drive wineries to access the premium product category. Packaging innovation can move your business from a commodity driven product into a premium product category. (JoAnn Hines: Australian institute of packaging) ‘Innovative packaginggas been a key feature of premium brands in the last decade (Datamonitor :2009) The convenient, practical, easy use and inexpensive packaging is obviously the most important factor with consumers when they purchase, however in the wine industry offer few possibilities. Therefore, even if innovation in packaging is one of the most important tasks in marketing, it is nevertheless one of the most difficult. Few innovations survive if they do meet a real consumer need. Thus, the packaging does have a role to play in innovation. A packaging, suitable for the use of the consumer and its expectations in term of packaging, will probably become the best retention tool.   Adapting The New Way Of Consuming: In order to be differentiated, wines seek to appeal and attract consumers. The key success to this packaging design revolution is to meet the consumers needs looking for trend. This is the case of the Maleta winery who decided to centre their marketing efforts on their packaging design. The winery has developed unique type of packaging for each wine, which aims to spoke directly to the target consumer according to a price range. ‘After auditing their winery, existing brand, competitors, and global beverage packaging design trends we decided on a strategy that would brand the wine, not the winery. (Jump Branding Design Inc:work:packaging:maletawinery) This is very important in the wine industry, as consumers identify the wine brands personality and create association with the wine quality. The popular and premium wine company Almadens brand manager said: ‘The brand personality of Almaden is at once fresh, contemporary, innovative and experienced [] We wanted our packaging to reflect these brand characteristics, while conveying Constellation Wines universal appeal as an everyday entertaining wine. (Business Wire:2003: May) Almaden Vineyards Innovates With New Bottle Packaging; Contemporary Look Maintains Brands Tradition Of Quality. Dealing with products that answer more and more to the consumers demand, the marketers are seeking sensory experiences. The act of buying now claims emotional, and beyond basic qualities of the product, the sight or grip of its packaging may influence the purchase decision. The packaging strategy will be to solicit the consumers five senses to awaken their interest and ensure their loyalty. The packaging actually will then stimulate more touch: Paper grain, gummed, plastic. Winemakers are now targeting to the new generation of consumer. Wine brings a new trend on socialisation. Young people are used to product innovation, it is the best target for the packaging innovation as they start to consider wine, yet the packaging was never fully orientated towards youth until recently. The new packaging is adding value to the wine, becoming a part of entertaining experience, bringing some new concepts to the everyday life. Many new offers start to appear, appealing new young consumer. ‘Wine is gaining greater acceptance across more segments of the drinking population, particularly amongst younger generation consumers just beginning to formulate their alcoholic drinks preferences. (Datamonitor 2008:October:19), Some examples can illustrate the wine industry needs to meet the consumers through innovative wine packaging. The market is then driven by the growing consumers demand for innovation. Now sober and minimalist packaging can be simple with a strong visual quality that invites the consumer to try. The shape, type, and drawing of the packaging attract the potential consumers attention, who will be distinguishing a specific wine bottle from competitors. In the other hand, consumer are expecting from the packaging a communication about: ‘The relevant and appropriate information about the quality of the wine, in some way replacing the salespersons action (International Journal Of Wine Marketing, 2005,Vol 18, 33-44) A survey made in 2008 reveals that for example in the UK, 39% of consumers feel that the design in packaging had a significant level of influence over their choice of purchases.(Datamonitor:2009: 12) Customers rely heavily on the design and labelling information such as region of origin, grape variety, and awards received. At the most general level, wine label designs tend to be described as either â€Å"traditional† or â€Å"modern/contemporary† (International Journal of Wine Business Research: 2007: vol 19: 170). For that reason, Wine producers and designers wineries innovate in term of packaging, in the view of satisfying the consumers wants and desires. The practical is one of the prime factors of choice in some markets as such, the household products.   The developments of ‘nomadism caused an increase in meals outside the home, standing and watching television. The breakdown of food and the search for gain time encourage consumers to buy packaging adapted to these new consumption habits. In a general overview, the time spent in food cooking is evaluating towards fresh produce and packaged ready to eat. The consumption pattern was individualised and therefore increase the snacking habits. All these changes have led to a proliferation of ready to eat, individual and transportable. The new lifestyles have involved a real change in the design of products. Therefore this has an impact on the image of packaging in general, since it multiplies the number of packages and thus increases the volume of waste. Some new wine packaging is more convenience in term of space. These new type of packaging can be more convenient to transport and non breakable. In that case the portability developed a new market of single serve package products, targeting a new ‘modern and fashion and socialization appeal that consumer are keen on. This new ‘single serve approach takes the wine consumption in a new way of dining or serving, keeping the wine industry with the luxury experience as looking for being chic, appropriate, convenient, accessible. (International Journal of Wine Marketing, 2005, Vol 18, 33-44). These innovations in smaller packaging ‘single-serve wine sizes permit to associate the wine consumption with new occasions. ‘The package on store shelf and in the consumers kitchen is a form of advertising which is attracting increasing design attention. (Giles: 1994:138) Many products are not hesitant about the misuse of codes reserved normally to other universes of products. Forms and graphics are involved in this transgression. This innovation is playing on the originality and fun to entertain, to differentiate and maintain market share. To illustrate this shift codes, winemakers like the Gallo Family Vineyards hasnt hesitate to bet on the uniqueness, that consumer is looking for. This is the case of their handbag style wine box for their White Grenache variety, the most famous rose wine in UK.   This bag in box has been designed in order to target a female audience. The packaging is the opportunity to develop one or more dimensions of the mark, being creative and offbeat. This type of packaging also now displays an originality and creativity overflowing marking the minds and pushed the traditional codes of bottling. Clever, transgression draws the eye and curiosity of the consumer. The aim of this new concept of packaging is to look outside the marketplace with new ideas that company could use for its own packaging. The uncommon packaging can also be a tool to provide added value to its packaging and affect the practicality of the product. The brand has to find his style and surprise the consumer, by promoting emotion without harming the product, so that it remains registered in his mind, the top of mind. The Eco-Friendly Wine Packaging Under the pressure of the increasingly environmentally conscious consumer, packaging must now be designed in logic of eco-environmental, performance, seducing consumers and reducing waste. We can also notice a new advertising argument, as being the wellness, pleasure, and authenticity with tradition. The media conveys massively the idea of a food and environmental crisis, which creates worries for the consumers. In supermarkets, we can see new innovative packaging. For example, the plastic cork or the screw caps. A new application is used for the wine packaging. Nowadays, the aim of the packaging isnt only to protect and sell. A new dimension of eco-packaging is rising. ‘Eco-packaging must do all that but also have minimal eco-impact, well be targeted, be a team player, plan for en of life, and plan for the next life. Jedlicka (2009: 8) Sustainable packaging is a strategic marketing move and Market forces are shaping the way of consuming. Products use to be made, consumed and then thrown away. Nowadays, products and their packages are remade for another kind of use, through a linear consumption, in a frame of new awareness of the purpose of what and how we chose to consumer. Not only the innovation of packaging will illustrate the product, but they it will also be communicate and talk about the packaging reduction efforts. ‘Now, along with information practices, not only can he consumer make an educated decision about the food they eat, but about the impact of that choice Jedlicka (2009:24). At first, we will define the term sustainability. Several definition and ideas have been used, however this is not a fully definition. The most adequate definition of sustainability is the definition bythe World Commission on Environment and Development. The commission suggests that sustainability should be defined as: ‘Forms of progress that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. (Brundtland Commission). For example the cork has been replaced by the screw and synthetic corks, and the bottle is slowly being replaced by new type of containers by winemakers. For instance, wineries created innovative packages for the introduction of the PET bottles, the bag-in-boxes varieties, the different versions of the TetraPaks, aluminium containers and even stand-up pouches. Those innovations on packaging are revolutionising the market of the wine industry. With a new vision as recyclable, unbreakable, lighter and visually attractive, the wine industry associate new bottles, with new packaging materials, new aspects, and new labels in order to attract new type of customer and even to target new type of niche markets. The wine industry found new eco-friendly environmental packaging option. Marketers offer to winemakers a new fresher brand with new positioning, using new packaging as a solution for a repositioning of their range of wine. An example is the new packaging from Astrapak; their benefits would be the convenient way of use and transporting, it is lightweight and sustainable. The demographics changes and consumption habits lead to use more packaging. Once products are consumed, they become waste. Faced with this increase of packaging waste, environmental issue are rise. Consumers are now concerned with the management of waste, including those due to packaging. Companies and marketers are aware of the challenges proposed by eco-design to the public. According Bethiness Laurence, director of trends and innovations of brands, it is also becoming ‘the new must-have packaging. (La revue des marques, 2008, 61, 48) A report also statute that the respondents has to give alternatives to glass bottles ‘37% indicates that they would be prepared to consider them. Plastic PET bottles and bag-in-box packaging had most consumer support. While the overwhelming majority, 63%, think all wine, however humble, should be packaged in glass bottles, when they were shown other forms of packaging, five out of six were neutral towards or indicated they were likely to buy at least one type of alternative packaging. (The Wine And Spirit Trade Association:2007) Therefore, companies are getting increasingly involved in the packaging industry, promoting not only the consumer economy, but also the biodegradation and recycling of materials. Eco-design is defined as ‘the improvement the ecological quality of a product according to Ademe (Bethiness, La revue des marques, 2008, 61, 49). This improvement requires action on several approaches: * The choice of materials when designing or improving packaging; * The type of energy required during the production phase, the distribution, transportation and management of end of life (recycling, re-use, composting); * The communication made about packaging itself, which does not happen often because companies are afraid of lose their credibility by highlighting their good will. Besides the commitment of industry, consumers must also be involved. Therefore, it would be beneficial for companies to communicate their actions and their results. ‘In food packaging, there is an unbalance between nutritional speech, too dominant, and the ecological speech, too discreet. (L. Wallentin,   La revue des marques, 2008, 61, .38) The consumer would be led to understand that packaging should not be regarded as a simple waste but as a real material to recycle. Consumer becoming more difficult, eating motif becoming knowledgeable in terms of their packaging choices and seem to be pushed towards alternative packaging. Creative solutions must be devised to provide pedagogically on packages to induce body movements such as the intelligent sorting. With this new type of packaging, companies have the benefit of new communication opportunities. ‘These innovations are helping us attract a new demographic and get people interested in wine with something other than the traditional presentation (Jean Charles Boisset :Beverage World: 2008: 56) ‘The innovative greener packaging is central to the positioning of new wines targeting a new type of drinker. The pack enhances both visibility and the financials. (Nigel Fordham: The new marketing packaging: Wildduck : 2008) The aluminium bottle is an innovation from wineries which produces the bottle using technology with pilfer-proof cap on the bottle to keep the quality of the wine without altering the taste or standard of the wine. The differentiation with the colour of the aluminium packaging makes the wine stand out on the shelf, increasing brand recognition among consumers, and in the same time, the safety and freshness. These criteria of selection are important to the consumers who see this type of wine ideal for outdoor use and to keep it longer by reducing oxidation from light penetration. With this type packaging, companies hope to attract a broad range of consumers due to his function, and also the visual appealing to the consumer. ‘Mommensin Beaujolais in an aluminium bottle.   This packaging is continually recyclable, screw cap, to make it re-sealable. The example of the Boisset Family estate is another illustration of breaking the rules in the wine industry. This burgundy estate is known for its vision of sustainability developing alternative packaging, generating a new mode of consumption. The use of PET bottles have 50 % lower carbon footprint than traditional glass wine bottles. It can be recycled continuously. For some cases, the innovation in packaging were entirely a new concept, giving a new life to the existing brand ‘ All of these innovations have helped us to transcend our traditional thinking of wine how to market wine, how to talk about wine and have really helped us to bring another dimension as far as how we look at wine itself and how we convey how to drink wine at the consumer level (Jean-Charles Boisset:Beverage Industry: 2008 :99:12) Both brands are examples of how establishing a point of difference with consumers through unique, stylish packaging can lead to success. One of the most seen new packaging on shelves of supermarket is the Tetra Prism. For example Boisset Family Estates, a family-owned producer and importer of fine wines based in Burgundy, France have launched ‘French Rabbit, a wine packed in octagonal. The owner of the winery says that new containers ‘are state-of-the-art packaging that will revolutionize the wine industry. The company also reinforces their communication about this innovative product with their message as ‘for every 4 French Rabbit wines sold, one tree is planted. French rabbit was the first premium wine in a tetrapak lunched in 2005. This new version of the Tetrapak is based on cartons, composed with 70% paper, which make this product more recyclable than glass, considering the significant decrease on weight. Another factor earth-friendly is the reducing of carbon from the transportation. ‘100% recyclable, Tetra-Prism containers reduce packaging by 90% in comparison to typical glass wine bottles. (French Rabbit wines: About the rabbit: Tetra Prism) This Chardonnay from the South of France is made in a Burgundian style; this Chardonnay is described as flavours of citrus and stone fruits, and presents a slogan ‘Savour the wine. Save the planet. (www.frenchrabbit.com) The use of paper cartons is not only the new type of innovation in term of packaging. Another container is coming on the market, the can, which gain more and more attraction. This use of packaging is not new in the market, however, new research have been made for wine, preserving qualities and freshness. This is the case of Barokes Australian Premium Wine, an Australian-based vineyard, which introduced in the market a process known as ‘Vinsafe. This innovation guarantees the longevity of the wine in the can. (www.wineinacan.com) The American Neibaum-Coppola Winery is using the same concept with Sophia Minis, which brings to the wine more sophisticated style. This Sofia Blanc de Blancs Sparkling Wine Minis is targeting for example the new young consumer, trendy and looking for fashion. (www.franciscoppolawinery.com) The bag in box (BIB). Even if this type of packaging is seen as cheap wine, and do not contain premium brands, the consumer can still get quality wine. ‘The quality of bag in box wine has improved tremendously in recent years. But the perception of the consumer is very different said professional wine taster Susan Hulme, from the Association of Wine Educators. (Reuters: 2007) The example is Blackstone Black Box Merlot which quickly moved from the low category of wine to the premium box revolution. The benefit of this packaging is the freshness that can stay up to 3 weeks after opening. Wine in flexible pouches is known to have 80% less of a carbon emission than wine bottles. The Company of Versus wine is pushing its product to the European. The consumer can see benefit though these pouches as the convenience of transport and storage. The wine is said to remain fresh up to 1 month. Nowadays the marketers in the wine industry are pushing further the new way of packaging strategies both cheaper and greener. The aim of the companies creating this type of packaging in to reduce, recycle and renew. Some research have been made on the field of packaging, including wine packaging, creating use packaging always more efficient. The scientific and technological advances in the field of wine packaging pursue objectives: the satisfaction with the taste and quality of product, convenience, health, and safety, increasing sophistication and intelligent packaging cue. However the only gap that we can find in literature between this mainstream success for these new packaging is perception from the consumers. We found some lack of information on the wine buyer‘s perception on the value of sustainable packaging. The Research Process The Questionnaire Design The purpose of this study is to elicit the methodology adopted achieved using an exploratory study on consumers perception of sustainable wine packaging. The primary purpose of the researcher is to use exploratory research to provide insights and understanding into the study in a preliminary way. As the observation and the limited number of respondents will influence the direction of the study, this research will not attend to provide a precise answer but estimate one. Therefore the research will find a greater interest in using this type of research and does not have specific assumptions concerning the survey problem. A questionnaire had to be completed by wine consumers, wine makers, wine shop owners, and retailers of France, Italy and England. The research was designed to present the relevant dimensions that consumers take into account with regards to wine packaging, what they perceive and describe comparing different type of wine packaging. The type of survey method chosen has been structured questions, where the researcher will have to explore the participants response to the topic. The study has targeted consumers between 20 and 60 years old from European countries. The questionnaire method chosen as its application, coding, analyzing and interpretation of the data are rather simple. Respondents have been limited to choose from a set of alternatives, the results are reliable. However following the attitude measuring questions, respondents could give unconscious answers. (Malhotra 2004) In order to allow respondents to easily express their perceptions, therefore avoiding suggested answers a repertory grid (RGT) approach was followed. The RGT technique of interview is used to illustrate peoples description. The RGT allows respondents to freely express their opinions and the researcher to avoid bias. In fact, the researcher will simply submit the possible choice that could help the respondent to express themselves in depth. Finally an RGT technique is relevant according to their approach in consumer behaviour studies as it elicits the different perceptions by the respondent who is asked to identify one of the alternative wine packaging. In order to complete this survey, the questionnaire was composed of four main groups of questions. First of all the researcher categorized the questions on the consumers knowledge of wine packaging, their attitudes and behaviour toward this type of drink, whether they bought wine or not, and the perceived influences they could expect of their buying behaviour from their relatives, followed by other questions such as their shopping behaviour and frequency of purchase. The questionnaire contained questions on age, gender, education, and being a wine consumer. There were also questions about the importance of the environment. To test their knowledge of sustainable wine packaging, the respondents have been asked to tell if they knew what s

Jane Eyre Obstacles and Love Essay examples -- English Literature

Jane Eyre Obstacles and love The novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte is a story about a young orphaned girl and her quest for love. Jane, the young girl searches for love and acceptance through each setting; Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean. Throughout these points in her life, the maturation and identity recognition of Jane becomes visible. It is only when, Jane flees from Rochester and Thornfield, and spends time at Moor House, that her maturation to womanhood is completed. In this moment, Jane is able to come back to Rochester as an independent woman, knowing that she has a desire to love, and to be loved. If we look at the world, through Jane's eyes we see that she is a strong girl who wants to erase her birth name as an orphan. We see each struggle that Jane tries to beat for an identity and for love. The book opens up with Jane living with her Aunt Reed, who constantly thinks of her as burden, and low life. Jane is forced to live with her Aunt Reed, for her parents die and she came to live with her uncle, who also later dies making his wife promise him that she would take care of Jane. Gateshead is Jane's first home. Here we see that Jane is amazingly self-willed and has a temper. We realize that she has this strong tempered when she steps up to her aunt, exclaiming, " You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness, but I cannon live so: and you have no pity. I shall remember how you thrust me back -- roughly-- and violently thrust me back--into the red room, and locked me up there, to my dying day; thought I was in agony; I cried out, while suffocating with distress, ' Have mercy! Have mercy, aunt Reed!' and that punishment you made me ... ...rn child's face. Jane discovered the maturation and the inner self of her woman hood. She can love, and is capable of being loved. This book, shows us the main obstacles that a woman had during the Victorian times. Many woman did not have it easy, and Jane was one of them. Woman needed a high self confidence. It is hard for one to love, when they themselves, have never felt what it is like to be loved. How are you suppose to trust those around you, when all you have been through is hurt? The main thing, a woman would need is courage. Jane is determined to find a life for herself. She is determined not to give up. She is determined to show everyone that she could be loved. She is determined to show her aunt, that she could be anything that she wanted to be. It just goes to show that no matter how many obstacles come your way, determined minds always win.

Use of drugs among teenagers in the United States

Interesting trends regarding the use of drugs among teenagers in the United States have begun to be revealed through the work of various researchers. While in some key areas, the use of drugs has declined, in other areas increases have been found to exist in teenagers’ use of drugs. Such areas in which such trends have been detected include use of particular types of drugs, the availability of these to the students, and the demographic that is exposed to the drugs. Such substances as methamphetamine, marijuana, and prescription medication are drugs that have seen either increases or decreases in their general trends, and differences are being studied and detected in the genders’ response to these substances. This essay will define such trends and attempt to give gender-based reasons why these have occurred.The use of methamphetamine among students has demonstrated a decrease between 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females has been from 3 to 2 percentII. The decline rate among males has been from 2.6 percent to 1.7 percentUsage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females is unsure but is suspected to be roughly the same as for malesII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The decline rate among males has been from 9 percent to 7.4 percentThe use of marijuana among students has demonstrated a decrease between the years 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate for lifetime users was 2.3%II. The decline rate in the availability of the drug is 1.9%Usage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. It has been the trend for females to use less marijuana than malesII.The decline rate among females is unsure, but is suspected to be greater than that of malesIII.The decline rate among males has been from 9% to 7.4%The use of other drugs among students has demonstrated an increase between 2002 and 2006 . Usage of MDMA (ecstasy) by females students has increased over the year I.         Use has gone up from 2.7 percent to 4.0 percent.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This represents an increase of 1.3 percentUsage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be above that of females Usage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be on the decline. The use of drugs among males and females is influenced by different gender-based situations. Men are more likely to have opportunities to use drugs than women Men are more likely than women to abuse drugs such as marijuana and alcohol Women are more likely to become addicted to sedatives I. Women take more time to report drug dependenceII. Women often use drugs in response to depression or eating disorders.Men and women differ in the effect that drug use has on their life choices I.  Men are less likely to be drop out of high school as a result of drug use.II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women are more li kely to drop out of high school as a result of drug use.III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug use in both sexes affects future regarding job qualifications and outcomes.Works CitedBustos, Jennifer. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Use.† St. Martin’s University. Lacey, WA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://homepages.stmartin.edu/students/jennifer.bustos/256,1,Gender Differences in Drug   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   UseLattimer, W. W., L. J. Floyd, M. Vasquez, M. O’Brien, A, Arzola and N. Rivera. â€Å"Substance Use   Ã‚   Among School-based Youths in Puerto Rico: Difference between Gender and Grade   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Levels.† Addictive Behavior. Vol. 29. No. 8. 2004. pp.1689-64.Lynch, Wendy J., Megan E. Roth and Marilyn E. Carroll. â€Å"Biological Basis of Sex Difference in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Abuse: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies.† Psychopharmacology. Vol. 164: 121-   137, 2002.Naylor, Adam., Doug Ga rdner and Len Zaichowsky. â€Å"Drug Use Patterns Among High School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Athletes and Nonathletes – Statistical Data Included.† Adolescence. Winter, 2001.NIDA. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Abuse Risks and Treatments.† The National Institute on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Abuse. Vol. 15. 4, 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol15N4/tearoff.htmlNIDA. â€Å"High School and Youth Trends: NIDA Infofacts.† The National Institute on Drug    Abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/HSYouthTrends07.pdfRassino, Brian E., Sheila C. Ribordy, Kathryn Grant, Joseph R. Ferrari, Blake S. Bowden, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jennifer Zeisz. â€Å"Gender-Related Processes and Drug Use: Self-Expression with Parents,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peer Group S election, and Achievement Motivation.† Adolescence. Spring, 2004.Ringel, J., R. L. Collins and P. L. Ellickson. â€Å"High School Drug Use Predicts Job-Related   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Outcomes at Age 29.† Addictive Behaviors. Vol. 32. No. 3, 2006. pp. 576-589.

Patrick Henry and the Virginia Conference essays

Patrick Henry and the Virginia Conference essays The American Revolution, as written by historian Gordon Wood was as radical and as revolutionary as any in history. Twenty- first century definitions of the word radical are: thoroughgoing or extreme, especially as regards change from accepted or traditional forms; favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms, radical ideas and ideologies and forming a basis or foundation. These definitions all apply to the American Revolution by todays standards. When you take a step back and envision the colonists and especially the signers of the Declaration of Independence consider their circumstances. The word radical becomes even more significant and appropriate. In the book, From Resistance to Revolution, historian Pauline Maier gives some insight into the term radical. To understand the emergent revolutionary movement, this study concentrates upon men in the vanguard of opposition to Britain, whom I have chosen to call radicals. The term has pitfalls. The word itself is an a nachronism, since it was first applied to political groups only in the nineteenth century. (Observers in the 1760s and 1770s sometimes used the word violent much as we use radical, without necessarily implying the commission of acts of violence in the modern sense, which has itself encouraged historical confusion.) Radical is, nonetheless, a legitimate and in fact technically exact word for describing men who most thoroughly criticized British governing practices, seeking always a return to what they considered traditional principles of British rule. (Maier, xviii) Prior to tensions mounting with the British Parliament and King, American Colonists were immersed in a society with a class structure and a clear hierarchy with the King at the top. Initially Colonists were very happy to be British subjects but that sentiment dissipated as time progressed and taxes, proc...